Mastering the Architecture of 80286 Microprocessor PDF
Architecture of 80286 Microprocessor PDF Free
If you are interested in learning about the architecture of one of the most influential microprocessors in history, you have come to the right place. In this article, we will explore the features, modes of operation, and applications of the 80286 microprocessor, as well as how to download a PDF file that explains its architecture for free. Let's get started!
architecture of 80286 microprocessor pdf free
What is a microprocessor?
A microprocessor is a small electronic device that performs arithmetic and logic operations on binary data. It is the brain of a computer system, controlling its functions and executing its instructions. A microprocessor consists of several components, such as registers, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit (CU), and bus interface unit (BIU).
What is the 80286 microprocessor?
The 80286 microprocessor, also known as the iAPX 286 or simply the 286, is a 16-bit microprocessor that was introduced by Intel in 1982. It was the successor of the 8086 and the predecessor of the 80386 microprocessors. The 80286 microprocessor was designed to support multitasking and protected mode operation, which enabled it to run more complex and secure software applications. It was also compatible with the existing software written for the 8086 microprocessor.
Why is the architecture of 80286 microprocessor important?
The architecture of 80286 microprocessor is important because it defines how the microprocessor works internally and externally. It describes the structure, organization, and functionality of the various components and modules that make up the microprocessor. It also specifies how the microprocessor communicates with other devices and components in the computer system, such as memory, input/output (I/O) devices, and peripherals. The architecture of 80286 microprocessor determines its performance, capabilities, and limitations.
Features of 80286 Microprocessor
The 80286 microprocessor has many features that make it a powerful and versatile device. Some of these features are:
Memory management
The 80286 microprocessor can address up to 16 MB of physical memory and up to 1 GB of virtual memory. It uses a segmented memory model, which divides the memory into segments of up to 64 KB each. Each segment has a base address and a limit value that define its boundaries. The segments can be further divided into pages of up to 4 KB each for finer control over memory access. The memory management unit (MMU) of the microprocessor translates logical addresses into physical addresses using segment descriptors and page tables.
Instruction set
The 80286 microprocessor has an instruction set that consists of over 200 instructions that can perform various operations on data, such as arithmetic, logic, bit manipulation, string manipulation, branch control, stack control, interrupt control, etc. The instruction set is divided into two groups: user instructions and privileged instructions. User instructions are available in both real mode and protected mode, while privileged instructions are only available in protected mode.
Interrupts and exceptions
The 80286 microprocessor can handle up to 256 interrupts and exceptions, which are events that cause the microprocessor to temporarily suspend its normal execution and perform a specific service routine. Interrupts are external signals that are generated by I/O devices or peripherals, such as keyboard, mouse, printer, etc. Exceptions are internal signals that are generated by the microprocessor itself, such as divide by zero, overflow, invalid opcode, etc. The interrupt and exception handlers are stored in an interrupt descriptor table (IDT) that contains the addresses of the service routines.
Protection mechanism
The 80286 microprocessor has a protection mechanism that prevents unauthorized or erroneous access to memory and I/O devices. The protection mechanism is based on four levels of privilege, ranging from 0 to 3, where 0 is the most privileged and 3 is the least privileged. The privilege level of a program or a task is determined by its code segment descriptor. The microprocessor checks the privilege level of the current program or task before allowing it to access a memory segment or an I/O port. If the privilege level is insufficient, the microprocessor generates a protection fault exception.
Modes of Operation of 80286 Microprocessor
The 80286 microprocessor can operate in three modes: real mode, protected mode, and virtual mode. Each mode has its own advantages and disadvantages.
Real mode
Real mode is the default mode of operation of the 80286 microprocessor when it is powered on or reset. In real mode, the microprocessor behaves like an enhanced version of the 8086 microprocessor, with some additional features such as high-speed multiplication and division instructions, immediate operand addressing mode, etc. In real mode, the microprocessor can address up to 1 MB of memory using 20-bit addresses. The memory is divided into 16 segments of 64 KB each. The segments can be overlapped or disjointed. The microprocessor does not use any protection mechanism or memory management unit in real mode.
Protected mode
Protected mode is the advanced mode of operation of the 80286 microprocessor that enables it to use its full potential. In protected mode, the microprocessor can address up to 16 MB of physical memory and up to 1 GB of virtual memory using 24-bit addresses. The memory is divided into segments of variable size, up to 64 KB each. The segments are non-overlapping and have base addresses and limit values that define their boundaries. The microprocessor uses the protection mechanism and the memory management unit in protected mode.
Virtual mode
Virtual mode is a special mode of operation of the 80286 microprocessor that allows it to run multiple programs written for the 8086 microprocessor in a multitasking environment. In virtual mode, the microprocessor operates as if it were in real mode, but with some differences. Each program runs in its own virtual machine that has its own set of registers, flags, segment registers, and IDT. The virtual machines are isolated from each other and from the rest of the system by the protection mechanism and the memory management unit. The microprocessor can switch between different virtual machines using task switching.
Applications of 80286 Microprocessor
The 80286 microprocessor has many applications in various fields and domains. Some of these applications are:
Personal computers
The 80286 microprocessor was widely used in personal computers in the mid-1980s and early 1990s. It was the main processor of several popular models of IBM PC compatible computers, such as IBM PC AT, Compaq Deskpro, Dell System 200, etc. It was also used in some Apple Macintosh computers, such as Macintosh II and Macintosh SE/30. The 80286 microprocessor enabled these computers to run more advanced operating systems and software applications than their predecessors.
Embedded systems
The 80286 microprocessor was also used in embedded systems that required high performance and low power consumption. It was used in various devices and systems, such as printers, scanners, fax machines, modems, routers, switches, medical equipment, industrial robots, etc. The 80286 microprocessor provided these devices and systems with fast processing speed and reliable operation.
Industrial control
The 80286 microprocessor was also used in industrial control applications that required high precision and accuracy. It was used in various machines and instruments, such as CNC machines, PLCs, oscilloscopes, spectrum analyzers, etc. The 80286 microprocessor enabled these machines and instruments to perform complex calculations and measurements.
How to Download Architecture of 80286 Microprocessor PDF Free
How to Download Architecture of 80286 Microprocessor PDF Free
If you want to learn more about the architecture of 80286 microprocessor, you might be interested in downloading a PDF file that explains it in detail. There are two ways to download such a PDF file: online and offline.
Online sources
One way to download architecture of 80286 microprocessor PDF free is to use online sources that offer free ebooks or documents on various topics. Some of these sources are:
Academia.edu: This is a platform where researchers and academics can share their papers and publications. You can find many PDF files on 80286 microprocessor architecture by searching for keywords like "80286 microprocessor", "80286 architecture", "80286 pdf", etc.
Scribd: This is a digital library that hosts millions of books, documents, audiobooks, podcasts, etc. You can find many PDF files on 80286 microprocessor architecture by searching for keywords like "80286 microprocessor", "80286 architecture", "80286 pdf", etc.
Internet Archive: This is a non-profit organization that preserves and provides access to historical and cultural artifacts. You can find many PDF files on 80286 microprocessor architecture by searching for keywords like "80286 microprocessor", "80286 architecture", "80286 pdf", etc.
To download a PDF file from these sources, you need to create an account and sign in. Then, you can browse or search for the PDF file you want and click on the download button or link. You might need to wait for a few seconds or minutes before the download starts. You might also need to verify that you are not a robot by completing a captcha or a survey.
Offline sources
Another way to download architecture of 80286 microprocessor PDF free is to use offline sources that offer physical copies of books or documents on various topics. Some of these sources are:
Libraries: You can visit your local library or a nearby university library and look for books or documents on 80286 microprocessor architecture. You can borrow them for a limited period of time and scan them using a scanner or a smartphone app. You can then save them as PDF files on your computer or mobile device.
Bookstores: You can visit your local bookstore or an online bookstore and look for books or documents on 80286 microprocessor architecture. You can buy them for a reasonable price and scan them using a scanner or a smartphone app. You can then save them as PDF files on your computer or mobile device.
Friends: You can ask your friends or colleagues who have studied or worked with 80286 microprocessor architecture if they have any books or documents on it. You can borrow them for a short time and scan them using a scanner or a smartphone app. You can then save them as PDF files on your computer or mobile device.
To scan a book or a document using a scanner or a smartphone app, you need to follow these steps:
Place the book or the document on a flat surface with good lighting.
Connect the scanner to your computer or open the smartphone app on your mobile device.
Select the option to scan as PDF and adjust the settings according to your preference.
Scan each page of the book or the document carefully and make sure it is clear and readable.
Save the scanned pages as a single PDF file on your computer or mobile device.
Conclusion
In this article, we have learned about the architecture of 80286 microprocessor, its features, modes of operation, and applications. We have also learned how to download a PDF file that explains its architecture for free using online and offline sources. We hope you have found this article informative and useful. If you have any questions or feedback, please feel free to leave them in the comments section below.
FAQs
Here are some frequently asked questions about the architecture of 80286 microprocessor:
Q: What is the difference between real mode and protected mode?
A: Real mode is the default mode of operation of the 80286 microprocessor when it is powered on or reset. In real mode, the microprocessor behaves like an enhanced version of the 8086 microprocessor, with some additional features. Protected mode is the advanced mode of operation of the 80286 microprocessor that enables it to use its full potential. In protected mode, the microprocessor can address more memory, use protection mechanism and memory management unit, and run multiple programs in a multitasking environment.
Q: What is the difference between virtual mode and virtual 8086 mode?
A: Virtual mode is a special mode of operation of the 80286 microprocessor that allows it to run multiple programs written for the 8086 microprocessor in a multitasking environment. Each program runs in its own virtual machine that has its own set of registers, flags, segment registers, and IDT. Virtual 8086 mode is a similar mode of operation of the 80386 microprocessor and later models that allows them to run multiple programs written for the 8086 microprocessor in a multitasking environment. The main difference between virtual mode and virtual 8086 mode is that virtual 8086 mode supports more features, such as paging, extended memory, etc.
Q: What is the difference between segment descriptor and page table?
A: Segment descriptor is a data structure that contains information about a memory segment, such as its base address, limit value, privilege level, type, etc. Page table is a data structure that contains information about a memory page, such as its physical address, access rights, status, etc. Segment descriptor and page table are used by the memory management unit of the 80286 microprocessor to translate logical addresses into physical addresses.
Q: What is the difference between interrupt and exception?
A: Interrupt is an external signal that is generated by an I/O device or a peripheral, such as keyboard, mouse, printer, etc. Exception is an internal signal that is generated by the microprocessor itself, such as divide by zero, overflow, invalid opcode, etc. Interrupt and exception are events that cause the microprocessor to temporarily suspend its normal execution and perform a specific service routine.
Q: What is the difference between user instruction and privileged instruction?
A: User instruction is an instruction that is available in both real mode and protected mode of the 80286 microprocessor. Privileged instruction is an instruction that is only available in protected mode of the 80286 microprocessor. User instruction can be executed by any program or task regardless of its privilege level. Privileged instruction can only be executed by a program or task that has sufficient privilege level. 71b2f0854b